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The first operational pulse-Doppler radar was in the CIM-10 Bomarc, an American long range supersonic missile powered by ramjet engines, and which was armed with a W40 nuclear weapon to destroy entire formations of attacking enemy aircraft. [1] Pulse-Doppler systems were first widely used on fighter aircraft starting in the 1960s. Earlier ...
The pulse may vary due to exercise, fitness level, disease, emotions, and medications. [11] The pulse also varies with age. A newborn can have a heart rate of 100–160 bpm, an infant (0–5 months old) a heart rate of 90–150 bpm, and a toddler (6–12 months old) a heart rate of 80–140 bpm. [12]
Pulse Doppler radar may have 50 or more pulses between the radar and the reflector. Pulse Doppler relies on medium pulse repetition frequency (PRF) from about 3 kHz to 30 kHz. Each transmit pulse is separated by 5 km to 50 km distance. Range and speed of the target are folded by a modulo operation produced by the sampling process.
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Range ambiguity occurs when the time taken for an echo to return from a target is greater than the pulse repetition period (T); if the interval between transmitted pulses is 1000 microseconds, and the return-time of a pulse from a distant target is 1200 microseconds, the apparent distance of the target is only 200 microseconds.
A radar system determines range through the time delay between pulse transmission and reception by the relation: Range = c τ 2 {\displaystyle {\text{Range}}={\frac {c\tau }{2}}} For accurate range determination a pulse must be transmitted and reflected before the next pulse is transmitted.
The new radars are the Leonardo METEOR 1700S (formerly marketed by Selex ES) which is fully Doppler and dual polarized: [2] [13] Transmitter type: Klystron; Frequency : 2.7 - 2.9 GHz; Pulse repetition frequency (PRF): 250 – 2000 Hz; Pulse length (τ): 0.4 μs ... 4.5 μs; Peak power: 750 kW; Doppler range: 240 km; Reflectivity normal range ...
Range ambiguity resolution is a technique used with medium pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) radar to obtain range information for distances that exceed the distance between transmit pulses. This signal processing technique is required with pulse-Doppler radar. [1] [2] [3]