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Original file (943 × 943 pixels, file size: 58 KB, MIME type: application/pdf) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons . Information from its description page there is shown below.
A pyrheliometer is an instrument that can measure direct beam solar irradiance. [1] Sunlight enters the instrument through a window and is directed onto a thermopile which converts heat to an electrical signal that can be recorded. The signal voltage is converted via a formula to measure watts per square metre.
A Campbell–Stokes sunshine recorder. A sunshine recorder is a device that records the amount of sunshine at a given location or region at any time. The results provide information about the weather and climate as well as the temperature of a geographical area.
A pyranometer (from Greek πῦρ (pyr) 'fire' and ἄνω (ano) 'above, sky') is a type of actinometer used for measuring solar irradiance on a planar surface and it is designed to measure the solar radiation flux density (W/m 2) from the hemisphere above within a wavelength range 0.3 μm to 3 μm.
The pyrgeometer is considered to approximate a black body. Due to this it emits long wave radiation according to: = Where (in SI units): E out = long-wave radiation emitted by the earth surface [W/m 2] σ = Stefan–Boltzmann constant [W/(m 2 ·K 4)] T = Absolute temperature of pyrgeometer detector [K]
The basilica was made of solid brick, with black-and-white marble floors, and was equipped with a floor and wall-heating system . [5] The basilica was originally part of a palace complex and was not a free-standing building, but had other smaller buildings (such as a forehall, a vestibule and some service buildings) attached to it. The outer ...
Amiens Cathedral floorplan: massive piers support the west end towers; transepts are abbreviated; seven radiating chapels form the chevet reached from the ambulatory. In Western ecclesiastical architecture, a cathedral diagram is a floor plan showing the sections of walls and piers, giving an idea of the profiles of their columns and ribbing.
Disappearing-filament pyrometers can be used only if the object under study emits visible light similar to a hot black body; [3] this means that its temperature must be high enough (around 600 °C and up) and the object must not be fully transparent or highly reflective. For good accuracy, the object should appear dark gray or black when cold. [2]