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In mathematics, summation is the addition of a sequence of numbers, called addends or summands; the result is their sum or total.Beside numbers, other types of values can be summed as well: functions, vectors, matrices, polynomials and, in general, elements of any type of mathematical objects on which an operation denoted "+" is defined.
Some hobbyists have developed computer programs that will solve Sudoku puzzles using a backtracking algorithm, which is a type of brute force search. [3] Backtracking is a depth-first search (in contrast to a breadth-first search), because it will completely explore one branch to a possible solution before moving to another branch.
Python sets are very much like mathematical sets, and support operations like set intersection and union. Python also features a frozenset class for immutable sets, see Collection types. Dictionaries (class dict) are mutable mappings tying keys and corresponding values. Python has special syntax to create dictionaries ({key: value})
Given any function in variables with values in an abelian group, a symmetric function can be constructed by summing values of over all permutations of the arguments. . Similarly, an anti-symmetric function can be constructed by summing over even permutations and subtracting the sum over odd permut
In mathematics, Machin-like formulas are a popular technique for computing π (the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle) to a large number of digits. They are generalizations of John Machin 's formula from 1706:
The fact that π cot(πz) has simple poles with residue 1 at each integer can be used to compute the sum = (). Consider, for example, f(z) = z −2. Let Γ N be the rectangle that is the boundary of [−N − 1 / 2 , N + 1 / 2 ] 2 with positive orientation, with an integer N. By the residue formula,
SciPy (pronounced / ˈ s aɪ p aɪ / "sigh pie" [2]) is a free and open-source Python library used for scientific computing and technical computing. [3]SciPy contains modules for optimization, linear algebra, integration, interpolation, special functions, FFT, signal and image processing, ODE solvers and other tasks common in science and engineering.
SymPy is an open-source Python library for symbolic computation.It provides computer algebra capabilities either as a standalone application, as a library to other applications, or live on the web as SymPy Live [2] or SymPy Gamma. [3]