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Hydromorphone is a semi-synthetic μ-opioid agonist. As a hydrogenated ketone of morphine, it shares the pharmacologic properties typical of opioid analgesics. Hydromorphone and related opioids produce their major effects on the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract.
32-43 hours; volume of distribution is 36-49L/kg. Pholcodine is an opioid cough suppressant (antitussive). It helps suppress unproductive coughs and also has a mild sedative effect, but has little or no analgesic effects. It is also known as morpholinylethylmorphine and homocodeine. Pholcodine is found in certain cough lozenges, [2] and more ...
Side effects. Common side effects of hydrocodone are nausea, vomiting, constipation, drowsiness, dizziness, lightheadedness, anxiety, abnormally happy or sad mood, dry throat, difficulty urinating, rash, itching, and contraction of the pupils. Serious side effects include slowed or irregular breathing and chest tightness.
This requires them to increase their drug dosage to maintain the benefit, and that in turn also increases the unwanted side effects. [72] Long-term opioid use can cause opioid-induced hyperalgesia, which is a condition in which the patient has increased sensitivity to pain. [95] All of the opioids can cause side effects. [64]
Oxycodone is available as a controlled-release tablet. [29] A 2006 review found that controlled-release oxycodone is comparable to immediate-release oxycodone, morphine, and hydromorphone in management of moderate to severe cancer pain, with fewer side effects than morphine.
Oxycodone/naloxone. Oxycodone/naloxone, sold under the brand name Targin among others, is a combination pain medication. It is available as modified-release tablets and is taken by mouth. [5] The oxycodone component is an opioid and is responsible for the pain-relieving effects. Naloxone opposes the effects of opioids but is poorly absorbed ...
troublesome side effects of oral morphine, hydromorphone, or oxycodone. [49] [50] When using the transdermal patch, patients must be careful to minimize or avoid external heat sources (direct sunlight, heating pads, etc.), which can trigger the release and absorption of too much medication and cause potentially deadly complications. [51]
Codeine is used to treat mild to moderate pain. [4] It is commonly used to treat post-surgical dental pain. [13]Weak evidence indicates that it is useful in cancer pain, but it may have increased adverse effects, especially constipation, compared to other opioids. [14]
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