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The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, as the supreme law of the Republic, provides the overarching framework for civil procedure; [6] the Constitution has been responsible for significant changes to civil procedure since its inception in the 1990s, as in, for example, debt collection matters, [7] access to the courts [8] and prescription, in particular with respect to ...
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Civil and criminal cases are usually heard in different courts. In jurisdictions based on English common-law systems, the party bringing a criminal charge (in most cases, the state) is called the "prosecution", but the party bringing most forms of civil action is the " plaintiff " or " claimant ".
This sliding scale is consistent with well developed general jurisdiction principles." [9] The "sliding scale" or "Zippo" test has been generally accepted as the standard in federal courts in deciding personal jurisdiction in Internet cases. [1] Such cases are now primarily decided based on a determination of the website's "interactivity".
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Official text in pdf format, from the administrative office of the Federal court system) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure - Latest Edition (www.federalrulesofcivilprocedure.org) 2016-2017 Amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Effective on December 1, 2016)
Because the need for minimum contacts is a matter of personal jurisdiction (the power of the court to hear the claim with respect to a particular party) instead of subject matter jurisdiction (the power of the court to hear this kind of claim at all), a party can explicitly or implicitly waive their right to object to the court hearing the case.