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Animal Farm is a satirical allegorical novella, in the form of a beast fable, [1] by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945. [2] [3] It tells the story of a group of anthropomorphic farm animals who rebel against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where the animals can be equal, free, and happy.
The pBR322 plasmid is one of the first plasmids widely used as a cloning vector. Plasmids with specially-constructed features are commonly used in laboratory for cloning purposes . These plasmid are generally non-conjugative but may have many more features, notably a " multiple cloning site " where multiple restriction enzyme cleavage sites ...
The term plasmid was coined in 1952 by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg to refer to "any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant." [14] [15] The term's early usage included any bacterial genetic material that exists extrachromosomally for at least part of its replication cycle, but because that description includes bacterial viruses, the notion of plasmid was refined over time ...
Molecular cloning takes advantage of the fact that the chemical structure of DNA is fundamentally the same in all living organisms. Therefore, if any segment of DNA from any organism is inserted into a DNA segment containing the molecular sequences required for DNA replication, and the resulting recombinant DNA is introduced into the organism from which the replication sequences were obtained ...
Throughout the novel Squealer is very skilled at making speeches to the animals. He is also one of the leaders of the new farm. Under the rule of Napoleon, Squealer does things to manipulate all of the animals. Squealer takes the central role in making announcements to the animals, as Napoleon keeps appearing less and less often as the book ...
Recombinant human insulin has almost completely replaced insulin obtained from animal sources (e.g. pigs and cattle) for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. A variety of different recombinant insulin preparations are in widespread use. [18]
The downside, however, is the low yield of product in comparison to prokaryotic vectors as well as the costly nature of the techniques involved. Its complicated technology, and potential contamination with animal viruses of mammalian cell expression have also placed a constraint on its use in large-scale industrial production. [37]
Fitness of a plasmid is determined by its mobility. The first factor of plasmid fitness is its ability to replicate DNA. The second fitness factor is a plasmid's ability to horizontally transfer. Plasmids during their cycle carry genes from one organism to another through a process called conjugation. Plasmids usually contain a set of mobility ...