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In botany, a cortex is an outer layer of a stem or root in a vascular plant, lying below the epidermis but outside of the vascular bundles. [1] The cortex is composed mostly of large thin-walled parenchyma cells of the ground tissue system and shows little to no structural differentiation. [ 2 ]
Isidia are outgrowths of the thallus surface, and are corticated (i.e., containing the outermost layer of the thallus), usually with a columnar structure, and consisting of both fungal hyphae (the mycobiont) and algal cells (the photobiont).
A plant which completes its life cycle (i.e. germinates, reproduces, and dies) within two years or growing seasons. Biennial plants usually form a basal rosette of leaves in the first year and then flower and fruit in the second year. bifid Forked; cut in two for about half its length. Compare trifid. bifoliate
Plants that have been used for bast fibre include flax (from which linen is made), hemp, jute, kenaf, kudzu, linden, milkweed, nettle, okra, paper mulberry, ramie, and roselle hemp. [citation needed] Bast fiber from oak trees forms the oldest preserved woven fabrics in the world.
A direct correlation exists between pollution and the abundance and distribution of lichen. Foliose lichens are extremely sensitive to sulphur dioxide, which is a by-product of atmospheric pollution.
Polysiphonia brodiaei is a dark brownish purple algae [3] growing as tufts consisting of branched of axial cells surrounded by 6 - 8 periaxial cells all of the same length. . These branches become corticated near the ba
For example, species from the genera Alectoria, Bryoria, and Cladonia are winter forage lichens for caribou in northern North America. [209] [210] foveate Having pits or perforations. [211] foveolate Pitted with small, deep depressions that are widely separated by a more or less even thallus. [212] Compare: faveolate, scrobiculate. friable
With larger Fibonacci pairs, the pattern becomes complex and non-repeating. This tends to occur with a basal configuration. Examples can be found in composite flowers and seed heads. The most famous example is the sunflower head. This phyllotactic pattern creates an optical effect of criss-crossing spirals.