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Kaufman's model is argued to be the first business planning model that makes a business case for social responsibility and that establishes a data-based construct for organizational planning and evaluation that goes beyond the walls of the organization. [9] Recent work by McKinsey & Co's Ian Davis (the Economist, 2005) aligns with this concept ...
Formulated in the 1960s by lawyer and planning scholar Paul Davidoff, the advocacy planning model takes the perspective that there are large inequalities in the political system and in the bargaining process between groups that result in large numbers of people unorganized and unrepresented in the process. It concerns itself with ensuring that ...
Externally oriented planning is the third out of four discrete phases of the planning process, according to Gluck, Kaufman and Walleck's article published by Harvard Business Review in July 1980. A company may have previously worked through the " financial " and "forecast-based" planning phases before entering the "externally oriented" phase.
He is best known for creating a highly influential 'four level' model for training course evaluation, which served as the subject of his Ph.D. dissertation in 1954. Kirkpatrick's ideas were published to a broader audience in 1959 in a series of articles in the US Training and Development Journal , but they are better known from a book he ...
Kaufman argued that an actual need can only be identified independent of a proposed solution. According to Kaufman, to conduct a good-quality needs assessment, determine the current results and articulate the desired results; the distance between results is the actual need. Once a need is identified, then a solution can be selected. [5] [6] [7]
The rational planning model is used in planning and designing neighborhoods, cities, and regions. It has been central in the development of modern urban planning and transportation planning . The model has many limitations, particularly the lack of guidance on involving stakeholders and the community affected by planning, and other models of ...
Prominent among them were John Friedmann's model of transactive planning, [13] Paul Davidoff and Linda Davidoff's model of advocacy planning, [14] and Stephen Grabow [15] and Allen Heskin's [16] theory of radical planning. These models constituted a shift towards a more participatory planning paradigm which has influenced modern urban planning.
Communicative planning is an approach to urban planning that gathers stakeholders and engages them in a process to make decisions together in a manner that respects the positions of all involved. [1] It is also sometimes called collaborative planning among planning practitioners or collaborative planning model.