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Cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL), previously called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), is a form of dysplasia that can progress to cervical cancer. The term carcinoma in situ may be used interchangeably with high-grade SIL. [8] Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast is the most common precancer in women.
The cause of CIN is chronic infection of the cervix with HPV, especially infection with high-risk HPV types 16 or 18. It is thought that the high-risk HPV infections have the ability to inactivate tumor suppressor genes such as the p53 gene and the RB gene, thus allowing the infected cells to grow unchecked and accumulate successive mutations, eventually leading to cancer.
The Papanicolaou test (abbreviated as Pap test, also known as Pap smear (AE), [1] cervical smear (BE), cervical screening (BE), [2] or smear test (BE)) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb) or, more rarely, anus (in both men and women). [3]
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) means the development of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix. It is caused by an HPV infection but in most cases, it is resolved by the immune system. However, a small percentage of people might develop a more serious CIN which, if left untreated, can develop into cervical cancer.
Furthermore, 1/3 of CpG sites in mitochondrial DNA were associated with increased methylation in CIN3+. [108] Thus, a correlation exists between CIN3+ and increased methylation of CpG sites in the HPV16 L1 open reading frame. [108] This could be a potential biomarker for future screens of cancerous and precancerous cervical disease. [108]
Numerical CIN is a high rate of either gain or loss of whole chromosomes; causing aneuploidy.Normal cells make errors in chromosome segregation in 1% of cell divisions, whereas cells with CIN make these errors approximately 20% of cell divisions.
After her unit’s success, Adams was promoted to lieutenant colonel. At age 27, she became the highest-ranked Black woman in the United States Army. The Six Triple Eight also opened doors for ...
Chart Information Network, now known as the Official Charts Company; Children in Need, an annual UK Telethon Fundraiser shown on the BBC; The Crime & Investigation Network; The Caribbean International Network (CIN TV)