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2. Etching - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching

   The plate is then completely submerged in a solution that eats away at the exposed metal. ferric chloride may be used for etching copper or zinc plates, whereas nitric acid may be used for etching zinc or steel plates. Typical solutions are 1 part FeCl 3 to 1 part water and 1 part nitric to 3 parts water. The strength of the acid determines the ...

3. Iron(III) chloride - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(III)_chloride

   A brown, acidic solution of iron(III) chloride. Like the solid hydrates, aqueous solutions of ferric chloride also consist of the octahedral [FeCl 2 (H 2 O) 4] + of unspecified stereochemistry. [9] Detailed speciation of aqueous solutions of ferric chloride is challenging because the individual components do not have distinctive spectroscopic ...

4. Photochemical machining - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photochemical_machining

   The etching line is a multi-chambered machine that has driven-wheel conveyors to move the plates and arrays of spray nozzles above and below the plates. The etchant is typically an aqueous solution of acid, frequently ferric chloride, that is heated and directed under pressure to both sides of the plate. The etchant reacts with the unprotected ...

5. Ammonium persulfate - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_persulfate

   Illustrative of its powerful oxidizing properties, ammonium persulfate is used to etch copper on printed circuit boards as an alternative to ferric chloride solution. [1] [6] This property was discovered many years ago. In 1908, John William Turrentine used a dilute ammonium persulfate solution to etch copper.

6. Chrome plating - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_plating

   There are many variations to this process, depending on the type of substrate being plated. Different substrates need different etching solutions, such as hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and sulfuric acids. Ferric chloride is also popular for the etching of nimonic alloys. Sometimes the component enters the chrome plating vat while electrically live.

7. Iron(II) chloride - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(II)_chloride

   Hydrated forms of ferrous chloride are generated by treatment of wastes from steel production with hydrochloric acid. Such solutions are designated "spent acid," or "pickle liquor" especially when the hydrochloric acid is not completely consumed: Fe + 2 HCl → FeCl 2 + H 2. The production of ferric chloride involves the use of ferrous chloride.