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Tanghulu is often mistaken for regular candied fruits; however, it is coated in a hardened sugar syrup. Tanghulu has been made since the Song dynasty and remains popular throughout northern China. [1] Chinese haw is the traditional fruit used, [2] though in ancient times other fruits were also used.
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Crataegus pinnatifida, also known as mountain hawthorn, [2] Chinese haw, [3] Chinese hawthorn or Chinese hawberry, [4] [5] refers to a small to medium-sized tree, as well as the fruit of the tree. The fruit is bright red, 1.5 in (38 mm) in diameter.
This process of preservation, which has been used since the 14th century, [1] allows the fruit to remain edible for up to a year. [ 2 ] Fruits which are commonly candied include cherries , pineapple , greengages , pears , peaches and melon , as well as ginger root . [ 3 ]
This means that VIPs have about one-fifth the thermal conductivity of conventional insulation, and therefore about five times the thermal resistance per unit thickness. Based on a typical k-value of 0.007 W/(m·K), the R-value of a typical 25-millimetre-thick (1 in) VIP would be 3.5 m 2 ·K/W (20 h·ft 2 ·°F/BTU). To provide the same R-value ...
The effectiveness of bulk insulation is commonly evaluated by its R-value, of which there are two – metric (SI) (with unit K⋅W −1 ⋅m 2) and US customary (with unit °F⋅ft 2 ⋅h/BTU), the former being 0.176 times the latter numerically, or the reciprocal quantity the thermal conductivity or U-value W⋅K −1 ⋅m −2.
It has a thermal conductivity of 0.038–0.08 W m −1 K −1, which is comparable to other wood fibre insulation materials. To achieve the same thermal insulation efficiency as other more insulating materials such as extruded and extended polystyrene, the thickness of the straw insulation layer should be increased by 30–90%. [47]