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Williams, Paul C. (1974), Low Back and Neck Pain: Causes and Conservative Treatment, Ed 3; Springfield:Charles C Thomas; 78 pages. Williams P, (1955), "Examination and conservative treatment for disc lesions of the lower spine", Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 528-40.
Lumbar disc herniation occurs 15 times more often than cervical (neck) disc herniation, and it is one of the most common causes of low back pain. The cervical discs are affected 8% of the time and the upper-to-mid-back (thoracic) discs only 1–2% of the time. [67]
CT scan image of large herniated disc in the lumbar spine. Removal of a disc at one level can lead to disc herniation at a different level at a later time. Even the most complete surgical excision of the disc still leaves 30–40% of the disc, which cannot be safely removed. This retained disc can re-herniate sometime after surgery.
When a disc degenerates as a result of injury or disease, the makeup of a disc changes: blood vessels and nerves may grow into its interior and/or herniated disc material can push directly on a nerve root. [39] Any of these changes may result in back pain. [39]
The management goals when treating back pain are to achieve maximal reduction in pain intensity as rapidly as possible, to restore the individual's ability to function in everyday activities, to help the patient cope with residual pain, to assess for side effects of therapy and to facilitate the patient's passage through the legal and ...
While neck pain is the second most common cause of disability and cost $100 billion, [2] the NIH budgets only $10 million to the study of neck pain. [3] One of the most common neck pains is between the neck and the shoulder. This is technically over the supraspinatus muscle and not in the neck, but it is still called “neck” pain.
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In 1934, the work of Mixter and Barr shifted all emphasis in research and treatment from the sacroiliac to the herniated intervertebral disc, namely lumbar discs. [30] Medical focus on herniated discs was further forwarded by the invention of the MRI in 1977. [31] Over-diagnosis and attention on herniated discs has led to the SI joint becoming ...