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There are two main descriptions of motion: dynamics and kinematics.Dynamics is general, since the momenta, forces and energy of the particles are taken into account. In this instance, sometimes the term dynamics refers to the differential equations that the system satisfies (e.g., Newton's second law or Euler–Lagrange equations), and sometimes to the solutions to those equations.
Velocity refers to a displacement in one direction with respect to an interval of time. It is defined as the rate of change of displacement over change in time. [7] Velocity is a vector quantity, representing a direction and a magnitude of movement. The magnitude of a velocity is called speed.
The general formula for the escape velocity of an object at a distance r from the center of a planet with mass M is [12] = =, where G is the gravitational constant and g is the gravitational acceleration. The escape velocity from Earth's surface is about 11 200 m/s, and is irrespective of the direction of the object.
Here, , and will be used to denote the initial velocity, the velocity along the direction of x and the velocity along the direction of y, respectively. The mass of the projectile will be denoted by m , and μ := k / m {\displaystyle \mu :=k/m} .
Classical mechanics is the branch of physics used to describe the motion of macroscopic objects. [1] It is the most familiar of the theories of physics. The concepts it covers, such as mass, acceleration, and force, are commonly used and known. [2] The subject is based upon a three-dimensional Euclidean space with fixed axes, called a frame of ...
The two blue vectors represent velocities after the collision and add vectorially to get the initial (red) velocity. Real motion has both direction and velocity and must be represented by a vector. In a coordinate system with x, y, z axes, velocity has components v x in the x-direction, v y in the y-direction, v z in the z-direction.
Figure 1 illustrates velocity and acceleration vectors for uniform motion at four different points in the orbit. Because the velocity v is tangent to the circular path, no two velocities point in the same direction. Although the object has a constant speed, its direction is always changing.
In physics, Torricelli's equation, or Torricelli's formula, is an equation created by Evangelista Torricelli to find the final velocity of a moving object with constant acceleration along an axis (for example, the x axis) without having a known time interval. The equation itself is: [1] = + where