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Homo reciprocans, or reciprocating human, is the concept in some economic theories of humans as cooperative actors who are motivated by improving their environment through positive reciprocity (rewarding other individuals) or negative reciprocity (punishing other individuals), even in situations without foreseeable benefit for themselves.
In some co-operative economics literature, the aim is the achievement of a co-operative commonwealth, a society based on cooperative and socialist principles. Co-operative economists – federalist, individualist, and otherwise – have presented the extension of their economic model to its natural limits as a goal.
Edward O. Wilson called humans eusocial apes, arguing for similarities to ants, and observing that early hominins cooperated to rear their children while other members of the same group hunted and foraged. [46] Wilson and others argued that through cooperation and teamwork, ants and humans form superorganisms.
In 2004 France had 1700 workers' co-operatives, with 36,000 people working in them. The average size of a co-operative was 21 employees. More than 60% of co-operative employees were also members. [92] French workers' co-operatives today include some large organisations such as Chèque Déjeuner and Acome .
Human reciprocal altruism seems to be a huge magnetic field to interweave different disciplines closely. New exploration has been made by these disciplines at different levels from different points. Generally, the core of Human reciprocal altruism is located in the puzzle: How to overcome short-term self-interest and achieve cooperation.
The cooperative share capital [44] or co-operative share capital (in short cooperative capital [44] or co-operative capital) is the form of capital that the cooperative accumulates from the paid participation shares of its members. [45] [46] [44] The total amount of participation shares the paid to the cooperative constitutes the cooperative ...
At the outset, the Pioneers had a clear set of objects, as set out in "Law the First" of its rules: The objects and plans of the Society are to form arrangements for the pecuniary benefit, and improvement of the social and domestic condition of its members, by raising a sufficient amount of capital in shares of £1 each, to bring into operation the following plans and arrangements:
The foundational work by Roy F. Baumeister [7] gives an overview of the different reasons why humans have developed a complex culture and communication. Psychologists are divided; some accept that culture and brain development are evolutionary by-products while others point at our human nature. If one sees humans as brutal by nature, society is ...