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[1] [2] In the Wiggers diagram, the X-axis is used to plot time subdivided into the cardiac phases, while the Y-axis typically contains the following on a single grid: Blood pressure. Aortic pressure; Ventricular pressure; Atrial pressure; Ventricular volume; Electrocardiogram; Arterial flow (optional) Heart sounds (optional)
The programmed delay at the AV node also provides time for blood volume to flow through the atria and fill the ventricular chambers—just before the return of the systole (contractions), ejecting the new blood volume and completing the cardiac cycle. [8] (See Wiggers diagram: "Ventricular volume" tracing (red), at "Systole" panel.)
This period is approximately equal to the absolute refractory period (ARP), it occurs because the fast sodium channels remain closed until the cell fully repolarizes. [1] During this period, depolarization on adjacent cardiac muscles does not produce a new depolarization in the current cell as it has to refract back to phase 4 of the action ...
In the presence of bundle branch block or ventricular hypertrophy, the depolarization impulse takes a longer than normal period of time to reach the recording electrode. This delays the onset of the intrinsicoid deflection. This prolongation or delay is an important criterion for diagnosing bundle branch block or ventricular hypertrophy.
Impedance cardiography (ICG) is a non-invasive technology measuring total electrical conductivity of the thorax and its changes in time to process continuously a number of cardiodynamic parameters, such as stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), ventricular ejection time (VET), pre-ejection period and used to detect the impedance changes caused by a high-frequency, low ...
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R-peak time for right ventricle is measured from leads V1 or V2, where upper range of normal is 35 ms. R wave peak time for left ventricle is measured from lead V5 or V6 and 45 ms is the upper range of normal. [7] R wave peak time is considered to be prolonged if it's more than 45 ms.
Modalities applied to measurement of ejection fraction is an emerging field of medical mathematics and subsequent computational applications. The first common measurement method is echocardiography, [7] [8] although cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), [8] [9] cardiac computed tomography, [8] [9] ventriculography and nuclear medicine (gated SPECT and radionuclide angiography) [8] [10 ...