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Quiescent stellate cells represent 5-8% of the total number of liver cells. [4] Each cell has several long cytoplasmic protrusions that extend from the cell body and wrap around the sinusoids. [5] The lipid droplets in the cell body store vitamin A as retinyl palmitate. [6] Hepatic stellate cells store 50–80% of the body's vitamin A. [6]
Cytokines and superoxides go on to cause inflammation and oxidizing damage respectively, while TNFα triggers the stellate cells in the liver to initiate collagen synthesis. These processes result in fibrosis, or scarring of the liver. Fibrosis will eventually cause cirrhosis, a loss of function of the liver due to extensive scarring. [10]
Research has shown the pivotal role of the stellate cell, that normally stores vitamin A, in the development of cirrhosis. Damage to the liver tissue from inflammation leads to the activation of stellate cells, which increases fibrosis through the production of myofibroblasts, and obstructs hepatic blood flow. [60]
Senescence of hepatic stellate cells could prevent progression of liver fibrosis, although this has not been implemented as a therapy, and would carry the risk of hepatic dysfunction. [74] The negative implications of cellular senescence present themselves in the transition from acute to chronic senescence.
Liver injury from a number of causes can activate the hepatic stellate cells into transdifferentiated and prolific myofibroblasts. [4] The myofibroblasts synthesize and secrete components of the extracellular matrix including collagen into the perisinusoidal space. [4]
The Kupffer cells can take up and destroy foreign material such as bacteria. Hepatocytes are separated from the sinusoids by the space of Disse. Hepatic stellate cells are present in the space of Disse and are involved in scar formation in response to liver damage. Defenestration happens when LSECs are lost rendering the sinusoid as an ordinary ...
59 11475 Ensembl ENSG00000107796 ENSMUSG00000035783 UniProt P62736 P62737 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001141945 NM_001613 NM_001320855 NM_007392 RefSeq (protein) NP_001135417 NP_001307784 NP_001604 NP_031418 Location (UCSC) Chr 10: 88.94 – 88.99 Mb Chr 19: 34.22 – 34.23 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse ACTA2 (actin alpha 2) is an actin protein with several aliases including ...
[16] [32] [33] In the liver, ongoing necrosis leads to the activation of hepatic ILC2s which release amphiregulin along with IL-13. The release of them activates the hepatic stellate cells that transform into myofibroblasts , and ultimately promotes liver fibrosis.