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In this work, al-Ash'ari reflected himself as opposed to the ultra-traditionalists, literalists or fundamentalists (probably some of those associated with the Hanbali school), [9] and described them as being ignorant, unable to rationalize or inquire into religious matters, and inclined to blind imitation of authority.
Ilm al-kalam [a] or ilm al-lahut, [b] often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology . [2] It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith ( usul al-din ), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. [ 3 ]
The Mutazilites, compelled to defend their principles against the orthodox Islamic faith, looked for support to the doctrines of philosophy, and thus founded a rational theology, which they designated "'Ilm-al-Kalam"; and those professing it were called Motekallamin. This appellation, originally designating the Mutazilites, soon became the ...
A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief (Arabic: الإرشاد إلى قواطع الأدلة في أصول الاعتقاد, romanized: Al-Irshad ila Qawati' al-Adilla fi Usul al-I'tiqad), commonly known simply as Al-Irshad ("The Guide"), is a major classic of Islamic theology.
Kalam cosmological argument, a cosmological argument for the existence of God rooted in the Ilm al-Kalam heritage; Jewish Kalam, an early medieval style of Jewish philosophy that evolved in response to the Islamic Kalam, which in turn was a reaction against Aristotelian philosophy
ʿIlm al-naskh: the study of abrogation (parts of the Qur'an which supersede or cancel other parts) ʿIlm al-tajwīd: rules for the proper recitation of the Qur'an ʿIlm al-qirāʾāt: on the various ways in which the Qur'an can be recited; ʿIlm ākhir al-zamān: Islamic eschatology (on the end times and the Day of Resurrection (yawm al-qiyāma))
The first original Arabic writings on logic were produced by al-Kindi (Alkindus) (805–873), who produced a summary on earlier logic up to his time. The first writings on logic with non-Aristotelian elements was produced by al-Farabi (Alfarabi) (873–950), who discussed the topics of future contingents, the number and relation of the categories, the relation between logic and grammar, and ...
Jahm was a client of the Banu Rāseb tribe. [3] He was born in Kufa, but settled down in Khurāsān in Tirmidh.He learned under al-Ja'd b.Dirham.. Ja'd b. Dirham was a teacher of the last Umayyad caliph, Marwan II, and is described as a Dahrī and Zindīq (heretic) for being the first person to state that God does not speak, hence the Quran is created. [4]