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Montgomery modular multiplication relies on a special representation of numbers called Montgomery form. The algorithm uses the Montgomery forms of a and b to efficiently compute the Montgomery form of ab mod N. The efficiency comes from avoiding expensive division operations. Classical modular multiplication reduces the double-width product ab ...
Modular exponentiation can be performed with a negative exponent e by finding the modular multiplicative inverse d of b modulo m using the extended Euclidean algorithm. That is: c = be mod m = d−e mod m, where e < 0 and b ⋅ d ≡ 1 (mod m). Modular exponentiation is efficient to compute, even for very large integers.
Exponentiation by squaring. In mathematics and computer programming, exponentiating by squaring is a general method for fast computation of large positive integer powers of a number, or more generally of an element of a semigroup, like a polynomial or a square matrix.
Peter Lawrence Montgomery (September 25, 1947 – February 18, 2020) was an American mathematician who worked at the System Development Corporation and Microsoft Research.He is best known for his contributions to computational number theory and mathematical aspects of cryptography, including the Montgomery multiplication method for arithmetic in finite fields, the use of Montgomery curves in ...
Without the Montgomery method, the standard binary exponentiation, which requires division mod m at every step, is a slow operation when m is large. One notable advantage of this technique is that there are no conditional branches which depend on the value of a , and thus the value of a , which may be an important secret in public-key ...
Elliptic curve scalar multiplication is the operation of successively adding a point along an elliptic curve to itself repeatedly. It is used in elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). The literature presents this operation as scalar multiplication, as written in Hessian form of an elliptic curve. A widespread name for this operation is also ...
The following tables list the computational complexity of various algorithms for common mathematical operations. Here, complexity refers to the time complexity of performing computations on a multitape Turing machine. [1] See big O notation for an explanation of the notation used. Note: Due to the variety of multiplication algorithms, below ...
Each curve passes through the point (0, 1) because any nonzero number raised to the power of 0 is 1. At x = 1, the value of y equals the base because any number raised to the power of 1 is the number itself. In mathematics, exponentiation is an operation involving two numbers: the base and the exponent or power.