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The British Raj (/ r ɑː dʒ / RAHJ; from Hindustani rāj, 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') [10] was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent, [11] lasting from 1858 to 1947. [12] It is also called Crown rule in India , [ 13 ] or Direct rule in India . [ 14 ]
History of the British Raj. After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British Government took over the administration to establish the British Raj. The British Raj was the period of British Parliament rule on the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947, for around 89 years of British occupation. The system of governance was instituted in 1858 ...
Rail transport in Pakistan began in 1855 during the British Raj, when several railway companies began laying track and operating in present-day Pakistan. The country's rail system has been nationalised as Pakistan Railways (originally the Pakistan Western Railway). The system was originally a patchwork of local rail lines operated by small ...
Fortified North Western State Railway bridge over the Indus at Attock, 1895. The military and strategic concerns for securing the border with Afghanistan were such that, Francis Langford O'Callaghan (who was posted from the state railways as engineer-in-chief) was called upon for a number of demanding railway projects, surveys and constructions in the Northwest Frontier. [3]
The British left a large network of railways, roads, as well as the telephone and telegraph system. [citation needed] The first railway line in the modern-day Pakistan was constructed in 1858 in Karachi. A line between Karachi City and Kotri opened in 1861. [7] The railway network built by the British remains intact today. [8]
However, by the end of British rule, India's economy represented a much smaller proportion of global GDP. In 1820, India's GDP was 16% of the global GDP. By 1870, it had fallen to 12%, and by 1947 to 4%. India's per-capita income remained mostly stagnant during the Raj, with most of its GDP growth coming from an expanding population.
History. The Punjab Railway was established shortly after the Scinde Railway Act of Parliament in July 1855 was passed. [2][3] The Punjab Railway began soon after the Karachi-Kotri Railway Line opened in 13 May 1861. The Indus Flotilla was set up to transport passengers from Kotri to Multan by steamship. From Multan, a new railway line began ...
India Conquered is critical of the idea that British rule was a coherent and powerful force of control in India, noting the chaotic violence of authorities and the lack of development in India during the Raj. [3] The British innovations brought to India, civil services, education, and railways had beneficial side effects according to Wilson ...