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ALS occurs more commonly in men than in women, and women get the disease later in life compared to men. [12] This suggested the possible protective role of estrogen in ALS. By conducting treatment of 17β-estradiol to ovariectomy treated mice, scientists found significantly delay of disease progression.
Estrogen deficiency is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, [1] and has been linked to diseases like urinary tract infections [2] and osteoporosis. In women, low levels of estrogen may cause symptoms such as hot flashes, sleeping disturbances, decreased bone health, [3] and changes in the genitourinary system.
Estradiol is an estrogen, or an agonist of the nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and the estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). [1] [2] [6] In one study, the EC 50 Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration value of estradiol for the human ERα was 50 pM (0.05 nM) and for the human ERβ was 200 pM (0.2 nM).
Diabetes sometimes decreases estrogen levels in females, which can affect vaginal lubrication. Less is known about the correlation between diabetes and sexual dysfunction in females than in males. [108] Oral contraceptive pills can cause blood sugar imbalances in women who have diabetes. Dosage changes can help address that, at the risk of side ...
Estrogen is responsible for the mediation of puberty in females, and in girls with delayed puberty due to hypogonadism (low-functioning gonads, which can result in low sex hormone levels) such as in Turner syndrome, estradiol is used to induce the development of and maintain female secondary sexual characteristics such as breasts, wide hips ...
In men, it causes impaired muscle and body hair development, gynecomastia, decreased height, erectile dysfunction, and sexual difficulties. If hypogonadism is caused by a disorder of the central nervous system (e.g., a brain tumor ), then this is known as central hypogonadism .
Estradiol is a naturally occurring and bioidentical estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like endogenous estradiol. [10] Due to its estrogenic activity, estradiol has antigonadotropic effects and can inhibit fertility and suppress sex hormone production in both women and men.
In postmenopausal women, continuous combined estrogen plus progestin decreases endometrial cancer incidence. [51] The duration of progestogen therapy should be at least 14 days per cycle to prevent endometrial disease. [52] Endometrial cancer has been grouped into two forms in the context of hormone replacement.