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Pantoprazole, sold under the brand name Protonix, among others, is a medication used for the treatment of stomach ulcers, short-term treatment of erosive esophagitis due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), maintenance of healing of erosive esophagitis, and pathological hypersecretory conditions including Zollinger–Ellison syndrome.
However, stomach acids are needed to digest proteins, vitamin B 12, calcium, and other nutrients, and too little stomach acid causes the condition hypochlorhydria. [ citation needed ] The PPIs are given in an inactive form, which is neutrally charged ( lipophilic ) and readily crosses cell membranes into intracellular compartments (like the ...
Acid secretion by the human stomach results in a median diurnal pH of 1.4. This very large (>10 6-fold) H + gradient is generated by the gastric H + /K + ATPase which is an ATP-driven proton pump. Hydrolysis of one ATP molecule is used to catalyse the electroneutral exchange of two luminal potassium ions for two cytoplasmic protons through the ...
Truncal vagotomy is a treatment option for chronic duodenal ulcers. [5] [6] It was once considered the gold standard, but is now usually reserved for patients who have failed the first-line "triple therapy" against Helicobacter pylori infection: two antibiotics (clarithromycin and amoxicillin or metronidazole) and a proton pump inhibitor (e.g., omeprazole).
There are two main approaches. The first uses a cardiopulmonary bypass machine , a machine which takes over the functions of the heart and lungs during surgery by circulating blood and oxygen. With the heart in cardioplegic arrest , harvested arteries and veins are used to connect across problematic regions—a construction known as surgical ...
MIDCAB is sometimes referred to as "keyhole" heart surgery because the operation is analogous to operating through a keyhole. MIDCAB is a form of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB), performed "off-pump" – without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (the heart-lung machine).
A hiatal hernia or hiatus hernia [2] is a type of hernia in which abdominal organs (typically the stomach) slip through the diaphragm into the middle compartment of the chest. [1] [3] This may result in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) with symptoms such as a taste of acid in the back of the mouth or heartburn.
Preoperative fasting is the practice of a surgical patient abstaining from eating or drinking ("nothing by mouth") for some time before having an operation.This is intended to prevent stomach contents from getting into the windpipe and lungs (known as a pulmonary aspiration) while the patient is under general anesthesia. [1]