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False authority (single authority) – using an expert of dubious credentials or using only one opinion to promote a product or idea. Related to the appeal to authority. False dilemma (false dichotomy, fallacy of bifurcation, black-or-white fallacy) – two alternative statements are given as the only possible options when, in reality, there ...
The illusory truth effect (also known as the illusion of truth effect, validity effect, truth effect, or the reiteration effect) is the tendency to believe false information to be correct after repeated exposure. [1] This phenomenon was first identified in a 1977 study at Villanova University and Temple University.
Answer: False – only two men signed that day, and the others signed during the next month. 101. Napoleon Bonaparte lost the Battle of Waterloo. Answer: True – the battle took place in 1815.
The increased drowning deaths are simply caused by more exposure to water-based activities, not ice cream. The stated conclusion is false. Example 4 A hypothetical study shows a relationship between test anxiety scores and shyness scores, with a statistical r value (strength of correlation) of +.59. [15]
The inverse gambler's fallacy, named by philosopher Ian Hacking, is a formal fallacy of Bayesian inference which is an inverse of the better known gambler's fallacy.It is the fallacy of concluding, on the basis of an unlikely outcome of a random process, that the process is likely to have occurred many times before.
A false dilemma, also referred to as false dichotomy or false binary, is an informal fallacy based on a premise that erroneously limits what options are available. The source of the fallacy lies not in an invalid form of inference but in a false premise.
The gambler's fallacy can also be attributed to the mistaken belief that gambling, or even chance itself, is a fair process that can correct itself in the event of streaks, known as the just-world hypothesis. [13] Other researchers believe that belief in the fallacy may be the result of a mistaken belief in an internal locus of control. When a ...
Fallacies based on correlatives include: [1] False dilemma or false correlative. Here something which is not a correlative is treated as a correlative, excluding some other possibility. Denying the correlative where an attempt is made to introduce another option into a true correlative. Suppressed correlative