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Rape trauma syndrome (RTS) is the psychological trauma experienced by a rape survivor that includes disruptions to normal physical, emotional, cognitive, and interpersonal behavior. The theory was first described by nurse Ann Wolbert Burgess and sociologist Lynda Lytle Holmstrom in 1974.
Young women are usually found to be more at risk of rape than older women. [2] [3] [4] According to data from justice systems and rape crisis centres in Chile, Malaysia, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Peru, and the United States, between one-third and two-thirds of all victims of sexual assault are aged 15 years or less.
In the 1970s, the term rape trauma syndrome was introduced by Ann Wolbert Burgess and Lynda Lytle Holmstrom. [15] Rape can lead to mental health disorders, such as PTSD, and statistical evidence demonstrates this trend.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [b] is a mental and behavioral disorder [8] that develops from experiencing a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, domestic violence, child abuse, warfare and its associated traumas, natural disaster, traffic collision, or other threats on a person's life or well-being.
Counseling responses found helpful in reducing self-blame are supportive responses, psychoeducational responses (learning about rape trauma syndrome) and those responses addressing the issue of blame. [24] A helpful type of therapy for self-blame is cognitive restructuring or cognitive-behavioral therapy.
He was a pioneer in development of abuse and rape victim treatment, rape trauma syndrome, psychological trauma and the effects and aftermath of rape. He is president and founder of the Institut de Victimologie de Paris. [1] [2]
Evidence-based recommendations for treating trauma-related distress and Post-traumatic stress disorder for adults and children with developmental and intellectual disabilities are interdisciplinary treatment approaches. [45] Clinicians should be trained in sexuality, intellectual disability, and treating abuse. [46]
If rape accusations reported to the police head to trial, further questioning and public scrutiny may impact on a victim's recovery and compound their trauma. Typically, the cross-examination will scrutinize the “reliability of the witness, the plausibility of an alleged assault or the credibility or consistency of evidence”.