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The history of modems is the attempt at increasing the bit rate over a fixed bandwidth (and therefore a fixed maximum symbol rate), leading to increasing bits per symbol. For example, ITU-T V.29 specifies 4 bits per symbol, at a symbol rate of 2,400 baud, giving an effective bit rate of 9,600 bits per second.
Sample rate Bit rate Bits per sample Latency CBR VBR Stereo Multichannel G.711: companding A-law or μ-law, PCM: 8 kHz 64 kbit/s 8 bit 125 μs (typical) Yes No No No G.711.0: Lossless compression of G.711: 8 kHz 0.2–65.6 kbit/s 8 bit 5–40 ms No Yes No No G.711.1: MDCT, A-law, μ-law: 8, 16 kHz 64, 80, 96 kbit/s 16 bit 11.875 ms Yes Yes No No
For example, the net bitrate (and thus the "connection speed") of an IEEE 802.11a wireless network is the net bit rate of between 6 and 54 Mbit/s, while the gross bit rate is between 12 and 72 Mbit/s inclusive of error-correcting codes. The net bit rate of ISDN2 Basic Rate Interface (2 B-channels + 1 D-channel) of 64+64+16 = 144 kbit/s also ...
The MPEG-4 audio coding algorithm family spans the range from low bit rate speech encoding (down to 2 kbit/s) to high-quality audio coding (at 64 kbit/s per channel and higher). AAC offers sampling frequencies between 8 kHz and 96 kHz and any number of channels between 1 and 48.
The sampling frequency or sampling rate, , is the average number of samples obtained in one second, thus = /, with the unit samples per second, sometimes referred to as hertz, for example 48 kHz is 48,000 samples per second.
Sample-rate conversion prevents changes in speed and pitch that would otherwise occur when transferring recorded material between such systems. More specific types of resampling include: upsampling or upscaling; downsampling, downscaling, or decimation; and interpolation. The term multi-rate digital signal processing is sometimes used to refer ...
Each companded sample is quantized as 8 bits, resulting in a 64 kbit/s bit rate. G.711 is a required standard in many technologies, such as in the H.320 and H.323 standards. [1] It can also be used for fax communication over IP networks (as defined in T.38 specification).
Since the sampling rate of a WAV file can vary from 1 Hz to 4.3 GHz, and the number of channels can be as high as 65535, WAV files have also been used for non-audio data. LTspice , for instance, can store multiple circuit trace waveforms in separate channels, at any appropriate sampling rate, with the full-scale range representing ±1 V or A ...