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Augustus's public revenue reforms had a great impact on the subsequent success of the Empire. Augustus brought a far greater portion of the Empire's expanded land base under consistent, direct taxation from Rome, instead of exacting varying, intermittent, and somewhat arbitrary tributes from each local province as Augustus's predecessors had done.
He paints himself as one of ‘the greats’ worthy of the power he held. Whilst all the elogia record the deeds of these great men, Augustus's Res Gestae Divi Augusti acts as a direct parallel. The statues in the forum provided excellent reasoning for Augustus to claim his restoration of the Republic.
The phrases renovatio Romanorum ("renewal of the Romans") and renovatio urbis Romae ("renewal of the city of Rome") had been used already during Antiquity. [3] The word renovatio ("renewal") and its relatives, restitutio ("restitution") and reparatio ("restoration"), appeared on some Roman coins from the reign of Hadrian onward, usually signifying the restoration of peace after a rebellion. [4]
The creation of the Principate and the Roman Empire is traditionally dated to 27 BC with the first Augustan constitutional settlement, where Octavian, the victor of the final war of the Roman Republic, gave up his extraordinary powers and was vested with proconsular authority over the imperial provinces, which he held along with the tribunician ...
Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Vol. 33. Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521807968. Keppie, Lawrence (1998). The making of the Roman Army: from Republic to Empire. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3014-9. Mackay, Christopher S. (2004).
Augustus included the aerarium militare among the accomplishments in his Res Gestae, the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire. [5] In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.
These themes have been explored in his monography on Declaring War in the Roman Republic (Brussels, 1976), his edition with translation and commentary of Cassius Dio: The Augustan Settlement (Roman History 53–55.9) (Warminster, 1990), and numerous articles and book chapters. He retired from Nottingham in 2008 and currently lives near Bristol.
The Oxford Anthology of English Literature: Restoration and Eighteenth Century (London: Oxford University Press, 1973) ISBN 0-19-501614-9 (pbk.) 4,500 pages of Restoration and Augustan literature. Major works like Pope's An Essay on Criticism and Swift's A Tale of a Tub are merely excerpted. Annotated with a bibliography.