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Chlorophyll b is made by the same enzyme acting on chlorophyllide b. The same is known for chlorophyll d and f, both made from corresponding chlorophyllides ultimately made from chlorophyllide a. [39] In Angiosperm plants, the later steps in the biosynthetic pathway are light-dependent. Such plants are pale if grown in darkness.
Photosynthetic reaction centre genes from PSII (PsbA, PsbD) have been discovered within marine bacteriophage. [12] [13] [14] Though it is widely accepted dogma that arbitrary pieces of DNA can be borne by phage between hosts (transduction), one would hardly expect to find transduced DNA within a large number of viruses. Transduction is presumed ...
Chlorophyll a, b, and d. Chlorophyll synthase [14] completes the biosynthesis of chlorophyll a by catalysing the reaction EC 2.5.1.62. chlorophyllide a + phytyl diphosphate chlorophyll a + diphosphate. This forms an ester of the carboxylic acid group in chlorophyllide a with the 20-carbon diterpene alcohol phytol.
Viral evolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology and virology that is specifically concerned with the evolution of viruses. [1] [2] Viruses have short generation times, and many—in particular RNA viruses—have relatively high mutation rates (on the order of one point mutation or more per genome per round of replication).
Examples of class II viral fusion proteins include the dengue virus E protein, and the west nile virus E protein. [5] [6] Class III: Structural conformation is a combination of features from Class I and Class II viral membrane fusion proteins. An example of a Class III viral fusion protein is the rabies virus glycoprotein, G. [6]
Each type of protein is a specialist that usually only performs one function, so if a cell needs to do something new, it must make a new protein. Viruses force the cell to make new proteins that the cell does not need, but are needed for the virus to reproduce. Protein synthesis consists of two major steps: transcription and translation. [34]
Viruses were expected to be small, but the range of sizes came as a surprise. Some were only a little smaller than the smallest known bacteria, and the smaller viruses were of similar sizes to complex organic molecules. [14] In 1935, Wendell Stanley examined the tobacco mosaic virus and found it was mostly made of protein. [15]
In 1935, American biochemist and virologist Wendell Meredith Stanley examined the tobacco mosaic virus and found it was mostly made of protein. [19] A short time later, this virus was separated into protein and RNA parts. [20] The tobacco mosaic virus was the first to be crystallised and its structure could, therefore, be elucidated in detail.