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A phase frequency detector (PFD) is an asynchronous circuit originally made of four flip-flops (i.e., the phase-frequency detectors found in both the RCA CD4046 and the motorola MC4344 ICs introduced in the 1970s). The logic determines which of the two signals has a zero-crossing earlier or more often.
The Foster–Seeley discriminator [1] [2] is a common type of FM detector circuit, invented in 1936 by Dudley E. Foster [3] and Stuart William Seeley. The Foster–Seeley discriminator was envisioned for automatic frequency control of receivers, but also found application in demodulating an FM signal.
Convergence detector Mesher Algorithm Area of application NEC: open source Yes Yes Yes In some distributions Yes manual MoM: Antenna modeling, especially in Amateur Radio. Widely used as the basis for many GUI-based programs on many platforms. Version 2 is open source, but Versions 3 and 4 are commercially licensed. Momentum: commercial Yes Yes ...
RF and microwave circuit design and simulation software for the electronic design automation (EDA) marketplace includes but not limited to circuit simulation, analysis, schematic capture, and integrated design environment for synthesis tools which automate the design of HF (high frequency) circuits from RF to microwave to millimeter waves.
The same phase of the input signal is also applied to both phase detectors, and the output of each phase detector is passed through a low-pass filter. The outputs of these low-pass filters are inputs to another phase detector, the output of which passes through a noise-reduction filter before being used to control the voltage-controlled oscillator.
A product detector is a frequency mixer. Product detectors can be designed to accept either IF or RF frequency inputs. A product detector which accepts an IF signal would be used as a demodulator block in a superheterodyne receiver , and a detector designed for RF can be combined with an RF amplifier and a low-pass filter into a direct ...
Detectors may be as simple as an "envelope" detector for amplitude modulation, or may be more complex circuits for more recently developed techniques such as frequency-hopping spread spectrum. While not fundamental to a receiver, automatic gain control is a great convenience to the user, since it automatically compensates for changing received ...
AWR Design Environment – high frequency (RF/microwave) design; Simulators: Microwave Office - RF/microwave circuit simulation, APLAC - Harmonic balance solver for nonlinear, frequency domain circuit simulation; Analog Office - analog/RFIC simulation; Visual System Simulator (VSS) - system level communication/radar simulator; EM solvers: