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A microbead imaged using scanning electron microscopy. Microbeads are manufactured solid plastic particles of less than one millimeter in their largest dimension [4] when they are first created, and are typically created using material such as polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), nylon (PA), polypropylene (PP), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). [5]
Microbeads, also called Ugelstad particles [1] [2] [3] after the Norwegian chemist, professor John Ugelstad, who invented them in 1977 and patented the method in 1978, [4] are uniform polymer particles, typically 0.5 to 500 microns in diameter.
The microbeads are then arrayed in a flow cell for sequencing and quantification. The sequence signatures are deciphered by the parallel identification of four bases by hybridization to fluorescently labeled encoders (Figure 5). Each of the encoders has a unique label which is detected after hybridization by taking an image of the microbead array.
Three strategies for immobilization-based target identification. In all cases, protein mixtures are incubated with the ligand and bound targets are detected downstream. (1A) Ligands are attached to a solid support, such as a microbead or chromatography column , via derivatization .
In the biological sciences, a multiplex assay is a type of immunoassay that uses magnetic beads to simultaneously measure multiple analytes in a single experiment. [1] A multiplex assay is a derivative of an ELISA using beads for binding the capture antibody.
Plastic Soup Foundation is a non-profit marine conservation organisation that aims to reduce plastic pollution. [1] [2] Established in 2011, Plastic Soup Foundation advocates towards imposing bans and/or voluntary phase-outs of microbeads in cosmetics at a global scale with the Beat the Microbead campaign.
Ion-exchange resin beads. An ion-exchange resin or ion-exchange polymer is a resin or polymer that acts as a medium for ion exchange, that is also known as an ionex. [1] It is an insoluble matrix (or support structure) normally in the form of small (0.25–1.43 mm radius) microbeads, usually white or yellowish, fabricated from an organic polymer substrate.
Dynabeads were developed after John Ugelstad managed to create uniform polystyrene spherical beads (defined as microbeads) of exactly the same size, [1] [2] at the University of Trondheim, Norway in 1976, something otherwise only achieved by NASA [3] in the weightless conditions of SkyLab. Dynabeads are typically 1 to 5 micrometers in diameter.