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Computer experiments have been employed with many purposes in mind. Some of those include: Uncertainty quantification: Characterize the uncertainty present in a computer simulation arising from unknowns during the computer simulation's construction. Inverse problems: Discover the underlying properties of the system from the physical data.
The FLODAC Computer was built in 1964 as a proof of concept fluid-based digital computer. [12] Fluidic components appear in some hydraulic and pneumatic systems, including some automotive automatic transmissions. As electronic digital logic has become more accepted in industrial control, the role of fluidics in industrial control has declined.
The French pressure cell press, or French press, is an apparatus used in biological experimentation to disrupt the plasma membrane of cells by passing them through a narrow valve under high pressure. [1] The French press can also be used for disintegration of chloroplasts, homogenates of animal tissue, and other biological particles.
The equipment used for pressure experiments depends on whether the pressure is to be increased or decreased and by how much. A vacuum pump is used to remove the air out of a vacuum vessel for low-pressure experiments. High-pressures can be created with a piston-cylinder apparatus, up to 5 GPa (50 000 bar) and ~2000 °C. The piston is shifted ...
The operation of the diamond anvil cell relies on a simple principle: =, where p is the pressure, F the applied force, and A the area. Typical culet sizes for diamond anvils are 100–250 micrometres (μm), such that a very high pressure is achieved by applying a moderate force on a sample with a small area, rather than applying a large force on a large area.
In science and engineering the study of high pressure examines its effects on materials and the design and construction of devices, such as a diamond anvil cell, which can create high pressure. High pressure usually means pressures of thousands (kilo bars ) or millions (megabars) of times atmospheric pressure (about 1 bar or 100,000 Pa).
A manifold pressure regulating shut-off valve (MPRSOV) restricts the flow as necessary to maintain the desired pressure for downstream systems. A certain minimum supply pressure is needed to drive the air through the system, but it is desired to use as low a supply pressure as possible, because the energy the engine uses to compress the bleed ...
The airlock volume has one door or valve, such as a gate valve or UHV angle valve, [7] facing the UHV side of the volume, and another door against atmospheric pressure through which samples or workpieces are initially introduced. After sample introduction and assuring that the door against atmosphere is closed, the airlock volume is typically ...