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The Nabataeans were distinguished from the other Arab tribes by wealth. [7] The Nabataeans generated revenues from the trade caravans that transported frankincense, myrrh and other spices from Eudaemon in today's Yemen, across the Arabian Peninsula, passing through Petra and ending up in the Port of Gaza for shipment to European markets. [8]
The Nabataeans were an Arab tribe who had come under significant Babylonian-Aramaean influence. [9] The first mention of the Nabataeans dates from 312/311 BC, when they were attacked at Sela or perhaps at Petra without success by Antigonus I's officer Athenaeus in the course of the Third War of the Diadochi; at that time Hieronymus of Cardia, a Seleucid officer, mentions the Nabataeans in a ...
Hellenistic/Roman: Nabataeans migrate to the Negev Highlands. Byzantine/Early Islamic: Christian settlement wave and Arab expansion. One of the three additional clusters of Christian settlements were the Nabatean desert towns. [166] Most of these evolved into large agricultural villages with many smaller farms and villages around them. [167]
He convinced Hyrcanus to fight for the crown, and spoke to Aretas III, king of the Nabataeans, about the great qualities of Hyrcanus and his birthright and convinced him to support him. One night, Hyrcanus escaped and traveled to Petra, capital of the Nabataeans, where he gave many gifts to please Aretas. He made a deal with Aretas, offering to ...
Petra is famous for the many monuments carved into the rose-red sandstone. The power of the Nabateans extended over the caravan routes south and east of Judea, from the seventh century BC to the second century AD. [5] His full title, as given in the inscriptions, was "Aretas, King of the Nabataeans, Friend of his People.
The Nabataeans sent a letter of complaint in Aramaic, the lingua franca of the ancient Middle East, to Antigonus. The letter argued that the Nabataeans did not want war but were forced to attack the Greeks in self-defence. Antigonus replied that Athenaeus had acted on his own and that Nabataeans were indeed excused. [3]
After the Nabataeans ambushed the Judaean Hasmoneans in a steep valley, they gained new territories, and the Greek Seleucids stationed in Damascus felt threatened by the rising power of the Nabataeans to their south. [2] Antiochus was slain during the combat and the battle became a decisive Nabataean victory.
To further reinforce the new culture of the Nabataeans, Aretas endeavoured to bring architecture of Greek and Roman fashion to the Nabataean capital, Petra, [6] and to new settlements such as Humayma, including a 26.8 km aqueduct. [7] Nabataean rule of Damascus was interrupted in 72 BCE by a successful siege led by the Armenian king Tigranes II ...