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  2. Impervious surface - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impervious_surface

    Impervious surface percentage in various cities. The percentage imperviousness, commonly referred to as PIMP in calculations, is an important factor when considering drainage of water. It is calculated by measuring the percentage of a catchment area which is made up of impervious surfaces such as roads, roofs and other paved surfaces.

  3. Surface area - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area

    A sphere of radius r has surface area 4πr 2.. The surface area (symbol A) of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies. [1] The mathematical definition of surface area in the presence of curved surfaces is considerably more involved than the definition of arc length of one-dimensional curves, or of the surface area for polyhedra (i.e., objects with ...

  4. List of formulas in elementary geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_formulas_in...

    The basic quantities describing a sphere (meaning a 2-sphere, a 2-dimensional surface inside 3-dimensional space) will be denoted by the following variables is the radius, = is the circumference (the length of any one of its great circles), is the surface area,

  5. Surface (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_(mathematics)

    In mathematics, a surface is a mathematical model of the common concept of a surface. It is a generalization of a plane, but, unlike a plane, it may be curved; this is analogous to a curve generalizing a straight line. There are several more precise definitions, depending on the context and the mathematical tools that are used for the study.

  6. Impervious surfaces - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/?title=Impervious_surfaces&...

    Pages for logged out editors learn more. Contributions; Talk; Impervious surfaces

  7. Minimal surface - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface

    Variational definition: A surface is minimal if and only if it is a critical point of the area functional for all compactly supported variations. This definition makes minimal surfaces a 2-dimensional analogue to geodesics , which are analogously defined as critical points of the length functional.

  8. Runoff (hydrology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runoff_(hydrology)

    Surface runoff often occurs because impervious areas (such as roofs and pavement) do not allow water to soak into the ground. Furthermore, runoff can occur either through natural or human-made processes. [5] Surface runoff is a major component of the water cycle. It is the primary agent of soil erosion by water.

  9. Surface-area-to-volume ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-area-to-volume_ratio

    Graphs of surface area, A against volume, V of the Platonic solids and a sphere, showing that the surface area decreases for rounder shapes, and the surface-area-to-volume ratio decreases with increasing volume. Their intercepts with the dashed lines show that when the volume increases 8 (2³) times, the surface area increases 4 (2²) times.