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Bleach activation is also known as perhydrolysis. Persalts are inorganic salts that are used as hydrogen peroxide carriers (examples include sodium percarbonate and sodium perborate). Persalts and bleach activators are included together in powder laundry detergents that contain bleach. In the wash, both compounds dissolve in the water.
Compared to TAED, which is the predominant bleach activator used in Europe, NOBS is efficient at much lower temperatures. At 20 °C NOBS is 100 times more soluble than TAED in water. [ 5 ] When attacked by the perhydroxyl anion (from hydrogen peroxide), NOBS forms peroxynonanoic acid (a peroxy acid ) and releases the leaving group sodium 4 ...
These compounds release hydrogen peroxide during the wash cycle, but the release of hydrogen peroxide is low when these compounds are used in temperatures below 45 °C (113 °F). TAED and hydrogen peroxide react to form peroxyacetic acid , a more efficient bleach, allowing lower temperature wash cycles, around 40 °C (104 °F).
Benzoyl peroxide is an oxidizer, which is principally used in the production of polymers. [5] Benzoyl peroxide is mainly used in production of plastics [5] [6] and for bleaching flour, hair, plastics and textiles. [7] [8] As a bleach, it has been used as a medication and a water disinfectant. [6] [8]
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H 2 O 2.In its pure form, it is a very pale blue [5] liquid that is slightly more viscous than water.It is used as an oxidizer, bleaching agent, and antiseptic, usually as a dilute solution (3%–6% by weight) in water for consumer use and in higher concentrations for industrial use.
Dissolved in water, it yields a solution of the two products, that combines the degreasing action of the carbonate with the bleaching action of the peroxide. Sodium perborate (Na 2 H 4 B 2 O 8). Dissolved in water it forms some hydrogen peroxide, but also the perborate anion (B(OOH)(OH) − 3) which can perform nucleophilic oxidation. [20]
Phosphonates in cooling water systems also serve to control corrosion of iron and steel. In pulp and paper manufacturing and in textile industry they serve as "peroxide bleach stabilizers", by chelating metals that could inactivate the peroxide. In detergents they are used as a combination of chelating agent, scale inhibitor, and bleach stabilizer.
The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.
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