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A boiling tube is a large test tube intended specifically for boiling liquids. A test tube filled with water and upturned into a water-filled beaker is often used to capture gases, e.g. in electrolysis demonstrations. A test tube with a stopper is often used for temporary storage of chemical or biological samples.
Colloquially called "test-tube experiments", these studies in biology, medicine, and their subdisciplines are traditionally done in test tubes, flasks, Petri dishes, etc. [6] [7] They now involve the full range of techniques used in molecular biology, such as the omics. [8]
A sealed capillary tube can also be placed in a boiling solution to provide a nucleation site, reducing the bumping risk and allowing its easy removal from a system. [3] Stirring a liquid also lessens the chances of bumping, as the resulting vortex breaks up any large bubbles that might form, and the stirring itself creates bubbles.
An early study of compression driven shock tubes was published in 1899 by French scientist Paul Vieille, though the apparatus was not called a shock tube until the 1940s. [3] In the 1930s it was rediscovered by W. H. Payman and WCF Shepherd of English Safety in Mines Research Board in order to study underground methane explosions, but the term ...
Durham tubes are used in microbiology to detect production of gas by microorganisms. They are simply smaller test tubes inserted upside down in another test tube so they are freely movable. The culture media to be tested is then added to the larger tube and sterilized , which also eliminates the initial air gap produced when the tube is ...
Explosion, a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner; Detonation, an exothermic front accelerating through a medium that eventually drives a shock front; A planned explosion in a mine, quarry or other situation in order to fragment rock
Then 1! = 1, 2! = 2, 3! = 6, and 4! = 24. However, we quickly get to extremely large numbers, even for relatively small n. For example, 100! ≈ 9.332 621 54 × 10 157, a number so large that it cannot be displayed on most calculators, and vastly larger than the estimated number of fundamental particles in the observable universe. [9]
The EMP observed at the Apia Observatory at Samoa was four times more powerful than any created by solar storms, [1] while in July 1962 the Starfish Prime test damaged electronics in Honolulu and New Zealand (approximately 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) away), fused 300 street lights on Oahu (Hawaii), set off about 100 burglar alarms, and caused the ...