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the costs associated with language-based hiring and promotion practices, including the practice of paying a “bilingual bonus” to public servants capable of speaking both official languages; the need to provide government services to some Canadians in English, and to others in French.
The bilingual method of foreign language teaching was developed by C.J. Dodson (1967) as a counterpart of the audiovisual method. In both methods the preferred basic texts are dialogues accompanied by a picture strip. The bilingual method, however, advocates two revolutionary principles based on the results of scientifically controlled ...
Sequential bilingualism. Sequential bilingualism occurs when a person becomes bilingual by first learning one language and then another. The process is contrasted with simultaneous bilingualism, in which both languages are learned at the same time. There is variation in the period in which learning must take place for bilingualism to be ...
Chomsky normal form. In formal language theory, a context-free grammar, G, is said to be in Chomsky normal form (first described by Noam Chomsky) [1] if all of its production rules are of the form: [2] [3] where A, B, and C are nonterminal symbols, the letter a is a terminal symbol (a symbol that represents a constant value), S is the start ...
Bimodal bilingualism is an individual or community's bilingual competency in at least one oral language and at least one sign language, which utilize two different modalities. An oral language consists of a vocal-aural modality versus a signed language which consists of a visual-spatial modality. [1] A substantial number of bimodal bilinguals ...
BLEU ( bilingual evaluation understudy) is an algorithm for evaluating the quality of text which has been machine-translated from one natural language to another. Quality is considered to be the correspondence between a machine's output and that of a human: "the closer a machine translation is to a professional human translation, the better it ...
Official Languages Act. (Canada) The Official Languages Act ( French: Loi sur les langues officielles) is a Canadian law that came into force on September 9, 1969, [1] which gives French and English equal status in the government of Canada. [2] This makes them "official" languages, having preferred status in law over all other languages.
Translanguaging is a term that can refer to different aspects of multilingualism. It can describe the way bilinguals and multilinguals use their linguistic resources to make sense of and interact with the world around them. [1] It can also refer to a pedagogical approach that utilizes more than one language within a classroom lesson.