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Scrambler therapy involves the use of electronic stimulation on the skin with the goal of overwhelming pain information with non-pain information. [1] In a therapy session, "electrocardiographic-like pads are placed around the area of pain". [2] Limited research has been done on the effectiveness of scrambler theory. [3]
The invention of MNs have retained the benefits of both hypodermic needles and transdermal patches while minimizing their cons. [12] [26] Compared to hypodermic needles, MNs provide a pain-free administration. [11] [12] MNs are able to penetrate through the epidermis, but not any deeper to compress on nerve-ends to produce pain responses.
A hypodermic needle (from Greek ὑπο- (hypo-= under), and δέρμα (derma = skin)) is a very thin, hollow tube with one sharp tip. It is one of a category of medical tools which enter the skin, called sharps . [ 1 ]
Subcutaneous injections can also be used when the increased bioavailability and more rapid effects over oral administration are preferred. They are also the easiest form of parenteral administration of medication to perform by lay people, and are associated with less adverse effects such as pain or infection than other forms of injection. [4]
Neural therapy is a form of alternative medicine in which local anesthetic is injected into certain locations of the body in an attempt to treat chronic pain and illness. [ 1 ] The International Medical Association of Neural Therapy has about 400 members some of whom have been practising in this field for over 30 years.
Undertreatment of pain is the absence of pain management therapy for a person in pain when treatment is indicated. Consensus in evidence-based medicine and the recommendations of medical specialty organizations establish guidelines to determine the treatment for pain which health care providers ought to offer. [91]
An equianalgesic chart is a conversion chart that lists equivalent doses of analgesics (drugs used to relieve pain). Equianalgesic charts are used for calculation of an equivalent dose (a dose which would offer an equal amount of analgesia) between different analgesics. [1]
The highest selling transdermal patch in the United States is the nicotine patch, which releases nicotine in controlled doses to help with cessation of tobacco smoking.The first commercially available vapour patch to reduce smoking was approved in Europe in 2007.