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Anorectal manometry (ARM) is a medical test used to measure pressures in the anus and rectum and to assess their function. [1] [2] The test is performed by inserting a catheter, that contains a probe embedded with pressure sensors, through the anus and into the rectum. [3]
The rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR), also known as the anal sampling mechanism, anal sampling reflex, rectosphincteric reflex, or anorectal sampling reflex, is a reflex characterized by a transient involuntary relaxation of the internal anal sphincter in response to distention of the rectum. [1]
Anismus can be subcategorized into 4 types based on the results of anorectal manometry testing: [22] Type 1: The patient can generate and adequate rise in intra-abdominal pressure, yet there is a paradoxical increase in anal sphincter pressures.
A rectal prolapse occurs when walls of the rectum have prolapsed to such a degree that they protrude out of the anus and are visible outside the body. [2] However, most researchers agree that there are 3 to 5 different types of rectal prolapse, depending on whether the prolapsed section is visible externally, and whether the full or only partial thickness of the rectal wall is involved.
Anorectal physiology tests assess the functioning of the anorectal anatomy. Anorectal manometry records the pressure exerted by the anal sphincters and puborectalis during rest and contraction. The procedure is also able to assess the sensitivity of the anal canal and rectum.
It has also been reported that there is a high false positive rate of anismus diagnosis with anorectal manometry for similar reasons. [5] Rectocele: This is the most common finding with this type of imaging. Almost always, this is an anterior rectocele where the anterior rectal wall bulges forward, into the vagina in females.
Manometry refers to pressure measurement (usually in a medical context), taking forms including: Esophageal manometry, or Esophageal motility study Anorectal manometry
The original pull-through procedure was designed by Orvar Swenson and his colleague Alexander Bill. The abnormal aganglionic part of the bowel is resected down to the sigmoid colon and rectum, and the normal colon and the low rectum are subsequently joined.