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In the C++ programming language, input/output library refers to a family of class templates and supporting functions in the C++ Standard Library that implement stream-based input/output capabilities. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is an object-oriented alternative to C's FILE -based streams from the C standard library .
But it comes with a performance penalty for string literals, as std::string usually allocates memory dynamically, and must copy the C-style string literal to it at run time. Before C++11, there was no literal for C++ strings (C++11 allows "this is a C++ string"s with the s at the end of the literal), so the normal constructor syntax was used ...
C does not provide direct support to exception handling: it is the programmer's responsibility to prevent errors in the first place and test return values from the functions.
I/O is inherently impure: input operations undermine referential transparency, and output operations create side effects.Nevertheless, there is a sense in which a function can perform input or output and still be pure, if the sequence of operations on the relevant I/O devices is modeled explicitly as both an argument and a result, and I/O operations are taken to fail when the input sequence ...
Standard input is a stream from which a program reads its input data. The program requests data transfers by use of the read operation. Not all programs require stream input. For example, the dir and ls programs (which display file names contained in a directory) may take command-line arguments, but perform their operations without any stream ...
Restricting the format of the input is a possible maintenance (bug fixing) solution. [clarification needed] Essentially, this means validating input information to check that it is in the correct format, in order to reduce the possibility of the magic string being discovered by the user.
For example, in Python, to print the string Hello, World! followed by a newline, one only needs to write print ("Hello, World!" In contrast, the equivalent code in C++ [ 7 ] requires the import of the input/output (I/O) software library , the manual declaration of an entry point , and the explicit instruction that the output string should be ...
The std::string type is the main string datatype in standard C++ since 1998, but it was not always part of C++. From C, C++ inherited the convention of using null-terminated strings that are handled by a pointer to their first element, and a library of functions that manipulate such strings.