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Chemist Linus Pauling first developed the hybridisation theory in 1931 to explain the structure of simple molecules such as methane (CH 4) using atomic orbitals. [2] Pauling pointed out that a carbon atom forms four bonds by using one s and three p orbitals, so that "it might be inferred" that a carbon atom would form three bonds at right angles (using p orbitals) and a fourth weaker bond ...
The hybrid can certainly be normalized, as it is the sum of two normalized wavefunctions. Orthogonality must be established so that the two hybrid orbitals can be involved in separate covalent bonds. The inner product of orthogonal orbitals must be zero and computing the inner product of the constructed hybrids gives the following calculation.
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In chemical bonds, an orbital overlap is the concentration of orbitals on adjacent atoms in the same regions of space. Orbital overlap can lead to bond formation. Linus Pauling explained the importance of orbital overlap in the molecular bond angles observed through experimentation; it is the basis for orbital hybridization.
In fact, the carbon atoms in the single bond need not be of the same hybridization. Carbon atoms can also form double bonds in compounds called alkenes or triple bonds in compounds called alkynes. A double bond is formed with an sp 2-hybridized orbital and a p-orbital that is not involved in the hybridization. A triple bond is formed with an sp ...
Since three-membered rings are very strained (bond angles forced to be 60˚), sp 3 hybridization is more favorable than sp 2 hybridization. For the sp 3 hybridized hydrate the bonds have to be distorted by about 49˚, while for the sp 2 hybridized ketone the bond angle distortion is about 60˚.
Additionally, the surrounding sp3 hybridized carbons can stabilize the carbocation through hyperconjugation. [5] This occurs when adjacent sp3 orbitals have a weak overlap with the vacant p orbital; since there are 3 surrounding carbons with sp3 hybridization , there are more opportunities for overlap, which contributes to increasing ...
2), a MO diagram may show one of the identical bonds to the central atom. For other polyatomic molecules, an MO diagram may show one or more bonds of interest in the molecules, leaving others out for simplicity. Often even for simple molecules, AO and MO levels of inner orbitals and their electrons may be omitted from a diagram for simplicity.