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These polymers are derived from polystyrene by the addition of sulfonate functional groups. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate was approved for medical use in the United States in 1958. [1] A polystyrene sulfonate was developed in the 2000s to treat Clostridioides difficile associated diarrhea under the name Tolevamer, [2] but it was never marketed.
Potassium binders are medications that bind potassium ions in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby preventing its intestinal absorption. This category formerly consisted solely of polystyrene sulfonate, a polyanionic resin attached to a cation, administered either orally or by retention enema to patients who are at risk of developing hyperkalaemia (abnormal high serum potassium levels).
Patiromer was generally well tolerated in studies. Side effects that occurred in more than 2% of patients included in clinical trials were mainly gastro-intestinal problems such as constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and flatulence, and also hypomagnesemia (low levels of magnesium in the blood) in 5% of patients, because patiromer binds magnesium in the gut as well.
Polystyrene integrated solid foams are not commonly used in biomedical applications but have shown promise as a new drug delivery vehicle. The manipulation of the porous foam networks is a fundamental component in solid foam dosing – affecting variables such as dissolution, adsorption , and drug diffusion. [ 4 ]
ATC code V03 All other therapeutic products is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products.
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is a composite material where PEDOT (the conductive polymer) provides electrical conductivity, and PSS (polystyrene sulfonate) acts as a counter-ion to balance the charge and improve the water solubility and processability of PEDOT.
Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate, sold under the brand name Lokelma, is a medication used to treat high blood potassium. [5] Onset of effects occurs in one to six hours. [5] It is taken by mouth. [5] Common side effects include swelling and low blood potassium. [5] Use is likely safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding. [5]
Styrofoam insulation extruded polystyrene foam (XPS), owned and manufactured by DuPont. Styrofoam is a genericized trademarked brand of closed-cell extruded polystyrene foam (XPS), manufactured to provide continuous building insulation board used in walls, roofs, and foundations as thermal insulation and as a water barrier.