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  2. Input hypothesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_hypothesis

    Comprehensible input hypothesis. The input hypothesis, also known as the monitor model, is a group of five hypotheses of second-language acquisition developed by the linguist Stephen Krashen in the 1970s and 1980s. Krashen originally formulated the input hypothesis as just one of the five hypotheses, but over time the term has come to refer to ...

  3. Theories of second-language acquisition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_second...

    By the 1980s, the theories of Stephen Krashen’s had become the prominent paradigm in the field of SLA. In his theories, often collectively known as the Input Hypothesis, Krashen suggested that language acquisition is driven solely by comprehensible input, language input that learners can understand. Krashen's model was influential in the ...

  4. Comprehensible output - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensible_output

    If this hypothesis is correct, then language acquirers must be forced to speak. According to Stephen Krashen, the Need Hypothesis is incorrect. However, Krashen does point out that need can be helpful when it places the acquirer in a position in which he or she can receive comprehensible input (CI). On the other hand, need is useless in the ...

  5. Stephen Krashen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Krashen

    Stephen Krashen received a Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1972. [2] Krashen has among papers (peer-reviewed and not) and books, more than 486 publications, contributing to the fields of second-language acquisition, bilingual education, and reading. [3]

  6. Natural approach - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Approach

    The input hypothesis. This states that language is acquired by exposure to comprehensible input at a level a little higher than that the learner can already understand. Krashen names this kind of input "i+1". [10] The natural order hypothesis. This states that learners acquire the grammatical features of a language in a fixed order, and that ...

  7. Second-language acquisition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-language_acquisition

    Finally, Norton's theory of social identity is an attempt to codify the relationship between power, identity, and language acquisition. [54] A unique approach to SLA is sociocultural theory. It was originally developed by Lev Vygotsky and his followers. [55] Central to Vygotsky's theory is the concept of a zone of proximal development (ZPD).

  8. Book excerpt: "Source Code: My Beginnings" by Bill Gates - AOL

    www.aol.com/book-excerpt-source-code-beginnings...

    10 INPUT X,Y. 20 LET A=X+Y. 30 PRINT A. 40 END. That was probably the first computer program I ever typed in. The elegance of the four lines of code appealed to my sense of order. Its ...

  9. Implicit and explicit knowledge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit...

    Krashen's Input hypothesis posits that learners acquire language primarily through exposure to comprehensible input, leading to the development of an implicit linguistic system. Krashen claimed that the role of conscious learning is minor, mainly helping learners monitor their output rather than acquire new rules.