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White cast iron displays white fractured surfaces due to the presence of an iron carbide precipitate called cementite. With a lower silicon content (graphitizing agent) and faster cooling rate, the carbon in white cast iron precipitates out of the melt as the metastable phase cementite, Fe 3 C, rather than graphite. The cementite which ...
White cast iron is composed mostly of a microstructure called ledeburite mixed with pearlite. Ledeburite is very hard, making cast iron very brittle. If the white cast iron has a hypoeutectic composition, it is usually tempered to produce malleable or ductile cast iron. Two methods of tempering are used, called "white tempering" and "black ...
The pits on the surface are often obscured by corrosion products. Pitting can be initiated by a small surface defect, being a scratch or a local change in the alloy composition (or local impurities, e.g. metallic sulfide inclusions such as MnS or NiS), [10] [11] or a damage to the protective coating. Polished surfaces display a higher ...
Vitreous china is used in a variety of household and sanitaryware items such as basins, toilets, bidets, urinals and bathtubs. [6] [better source needed] Items that use vitreous china are usually ones that are best when kept clean and sanitary, with which a coating of vitreous china enamel helps.
Enamel over cast iron is a popular material for kitchen and bathroom sinks. Heavy and durable, these sinks can also be manufactured in a very wide range of shapes and colors. Like stainless steel, they are very resistant to hot or cold objects, but they can be damaged by sharp impacts and once the glass surface is breached, the underlying cast ...
Cast iron skillets, before seasoning (left) and after several years of use (right) A commercial waffle iron showing its seasoned cooking surface (the dark brown surface coating) Seasoning is the process of coating the surface of cookware with fat which is heated in order to produce a corrosion resistant layer of polymerized fat.
When stress is applied to such a casting in application, the fracture strength will be lower than expected for white iron. Such iron is said to have a 'mottled' appearance. Some countermeasures can be applied to enhance the formation of the all-white structure, but malleable iron foundries often avoid producing heavy sections.
Molten metal before casting Casting iron in a sand mold. In metalworking and jewelry making, casting is a process in which a liquid metal is delivered into a mold (usually by a crucible) that contains a negative impression (i.e., a three-dimensional negative image) of the intended shape.