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The dominant technology for abiological nitrogen fixation is the Haber process, which uses iron-based heterogeneous catalysts and H 2 to convert N 2 to NH 3. This article focuses on homogeneous (soluble) catalysts for the same or similar conversions.
The Haber process, [1] also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It converts atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) to ammonia (NH 3 ) by a reaction with hydrogen (H 2 ) using finely divided iron metal as a catalyst:
The history of the Haber process begins with the invention of the Haber process at the dawn of the twentieth century. The process allows the economical fixation of atmospheric dinitrogen in the form of ammonia, which in turn allows for the industrial synthesis of various explosives and nitrogen fertilizers, and is probably the most important industrial process developed during the twentieth ...
Utilizing a large amount of metabolic energy and the enzyme nitrogenase, some bacteria and cyanobacteria convert atmospheric N 2 to NH 3, a process known as biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). [4] The anthropogenic analogue to BNF is the Haber-Bosch process, in which H 2 is reacted with atmospheric N 2 at high temperatures and pressures to ...
The radioactive content of the fertilizers varies considerably and depends both on their concentrations in the parent mineral and on the fertilizer production process. [ 94 ] [ 101 ] Uranium-238 concentrations can range from 7 to 100 pCi/g (picocuries per gram) in phosphate rock [ 102 ] and from 1 to 67 pCi/g in phosphate fertilizers.
Together Haber and Bosch came up with the Haber-Bosch process that fixated nitrogen to produce ammonia that is used in most fertilizers. In 1918 Fritz Haber received a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the invention of this process. Carl Bosch also received a Nobel Prize in 1918, but for high-pressure studies. [9] Without the pressure studies this ...
Haber process – Atmospheric nitrogen (N 2) is separated, yielding ammonia (NH 3), which is used to make all synthetic fertilizer. The Haber process uses a fossil carbon source, generally natural gas , to provide the CO for the water–gas shift reaction , yielding hydrogen (H 2 ) and releasing CO 2 .
Fritz Haber (German: [ˈfʁɪt͡s ˈhaːbɐ] ⓘ; 9 December 1868 – 29 January 1934) was a German chemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his invention of the Haber process, a method used in industry to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas.