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Nicotinamide riboside (NR, SR647) is a pyridine-nucleoside and a form of vitamin B 3. It functions as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide , or NAD+ , [ 2 ] through a two-step and a three-step pathway.
Vitamin B 3, colloquially referred to as niacin, is a vitamin family that includes three forms, or vitamers: nicotinic acid (niacin), nicotinamide (niacinamide), and nicotinamide riboside. [1] [2] All three forms of vitamin B 3 are converted within the body to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD).
Nicotinamide (INN, BAN UK [2]) or niacinamide (USAN US) is a form of vitamin B 3 found in food and used as a dietary supplement and medication. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] As a supplement, it is used orally (swallowed by mouth) to prevent and treat pellagra (niacin deficiency). [ 4 ]
Niacin is composed of two structures: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. There are two co-enzyme forms of niacin: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). Both play an important role in energy transfer reactions in the metabolism of glucose, fat and alcohol. [13]
Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of the vitamin niacin (vitamin B 3). [2] Symptoms include inflamed skin, diarrhea, dementia, and sores in the mouth. [1] Areas of the skin exposed to friction and radiation are typically affected first. [1]
Notably, the Brenner laboratory discovered that eukaryotes use nicotinamide riboside (NR) to make NAD+. Bieganowski and Brenner (2004) found that NR is converted to NAD+ through the action of nicotinamide ribose kinases including Nrk1 (yeast and human) and Nrk2 (human).
Nicotinamide mononucleotide ("NMN" and "β-NMN") is a nucleotide derived from ribose, nicotinamide, nicotinamide riboside and niacin. [1] In humans, several enzymes use NMN to generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). [ 1 ]
With a one gram dose, peak plasma concentrations of 15 to 30 μg/mL are reached within 30 to 60 minutes. Approximately 88% of an oral pharmacologic dose is eliminated by the kidneys as unchanged nicotinic acid or nicotinuric acid, its primary metabolite. The plasma elimination half-life of nicotinic acid ranges from 20 to 45 minutes. [24]
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