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Irenaeus argued that for humans to have free will, God must be at an epistemic distance (or intellectual distance) from humans, far enough that belief in God remains a free choice. [15] As Irenaeus said, "there is no coercion with God, but a good will [towards us] is present with Him continually". [16]
Hick references the earlier view found in the writings of Irenaeus, [48]: 2 and in other Eastern writers including Origen [49] and Gregory of Nyssa, [50] arguing that “eternal pain [and] unending torment” would render any “Christian theodicy impossible" as it would instantiate an evil that was able to thwart God's benevolence and power.
Irenaeus (/ ɪ r ɪ ˈ n eɪ ə s / or / ˌ aɪ r ɪ ˈ n iː ə s /; Ancient Greek: Εἰρηναῖος, romanized: Eirēnaîos; c. 122 – c. 202 AD) [4] was a Greek bishop noted for his role in guiding and expanding Christian communities in the southern regions of present-day France and, more widely, for the development of Christian theology by combating heterodox or Gnostic ...
[86]: 38 Leibniz introduced the term theodicy in his 1710 work Essais de Théodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l'homme et l'origine du mal ("Theodicic Essays on the Benevolence of God, the Free will of man, and the Origin of Evil") where he argued that this is the best of all possible worlds that God could have created.
The finite God theodicy maintains that God is all-good (omnibenevolent) but not all-powerful . The best of all possible worlds theodicy, a traditional theology and defended by Leibniz, argues that the creation is the best of all possible worlds. The original sin theodicy holds that evil came into the world because of humanity's original sin.
…it is possible that one thing in relation to another may be evil, and at the same time within the limits of its proper being it may not be evil. Then it is proved that there is no evil in existence; all that God created He created good. This evil is nothingness; so death is the absence of life. When man no longer receives life, he dies.
Leibniz claims that God's choice is caused not only by its being the most reasonable, but also by God's perfect goodness, a traditional claim about God which Leibniz accepted. [2] [b] As Leibniz says in §55, God's goodness causes him to produce the best world. Hence, the best possible world, or "greatest good" as Leibniz called it in this work ...
Irenaeus (u. s.) reverses this order, and Horos is produced first, afterwards the other pair. The Valentinian fragment in Epiphanius ( Haer . 31, p. 171), which seems to give a more ancient form of this heresy, knows nothing of Horos, but it relates as the last spiritual birth the generation of five beings without consorts, whose names are used ...