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Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco.A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.
There are possible harms to the baby if used during pregnancy. [1] [11] Nicotine replacement therapy works by reducing cravings caused by nicotine addiction. [1] [12] They were first approved for use in 1984, in the United States. [1] Nicotine replacement products are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the unborn baby and may cause pre-term birth, birth defects such as cleft lip or cleft palate, or miscarriage. [93] [80] Tobacco is the most commonly used substance among pregnant women, at 25%. [87] [94] Nicotine crosses the placenta and accumulates within
This is the list of Schedule I controlled substances in the United States as defined by the Controlled Substances Act. [1] The following findings are required for substances to be placed in this schedule: [2]
Nicotine is a secondary metabolite produced in a variety of plants in the family Solanaceae, most notably in tobacco Nicotiana tabacum, where it can be found at high concentrations of 0.5 to 7.5%. [178] Nicotine is also found in the leaves of other tobacco species, such as Nicotiana rustica (in amounts of 2–14%).
The most documented symptoms of nicotine withdrawal are cravings for nicotine, anger or irritability, anxiety, depression, impatience, trouble sleeping, restlessness, hunger, and difficulty concentrating. [1] [2] [3] Symptoms are usually strongest for the first few days and then dissipate over 2–4 weeks. The most common symptoms are ...
Varenicline is indicated for use as an aid to smoking cessation treatment [5] and for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of dry eye disease. [6] Varenicline is used to help people stop smoking tobacco (smoking cessation). A meta-analysis found that 20% of people treated with varenicline remain abstinent from smoking at one year. [15]
Signs and symptoms of pregnancy are common, benign conditions that result from the changes to the body that occur during pregnancy. Signs and symptoms of pregnancy typically change as pregnancy progresses, although several symptoms may be present throughout. Depending on severity, common symptoms in pregnancy can develop into complications. [1 ...