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Of Usury, from Brant's Stultifera Navis (Ship of Fools), 1494; woodcut attributed to Albrecht Dürer. Usury (/ ˈ j uː ʒ ər i /) [1] [2] is the practice of making loans that are seen as unfairly enriching the lender. The term may be used in a moral sense—condemning taking advantage of others' misfortunes—or in a legal sense, where an ...
Thus, Thomas Cajetan, [2] Francisco de Vitoria, Domingo de Soto [3] and Franciscus Zypaeus criticized it in the name of the scrupulous application of the prohibition on usury. [4] Following their opinions, Pope Sixtus V condemned in 1586, in his bull Detetabilis avaritia , the practice of commercial credits, illustrated in particular by the ...
St Thomas Aquinas taught that raising prices in response to high demand was a type of theft.. The just price is a theory of ethics in economics that attempts to set standards of fairness in transactions.
Vix pervenit is an encyclical, promulgated by Pope Benedict XIV on November 1, 1745, which condemned the practice of charging interest on loans as usury.Because the encyclical was addressed to the bishops of Italy, it is generally not considered ex cathedra.
According to the Talmud, the debtor would be as guilty as the lender, since it interprets one of the biblical verbs referring to usury, namely tashshik, [11] to be in the causative voice; [6] due to the Talmud's figurative interpretation of the lifnei iver regulation, it even regards any witnesses to usury contracts, as well as the scribe ...
Usury by Christians was forbidden at the time by the Catholic Church, but Jews were permitted to act as moneylenders and bankers. That enabled some Jews to amass tremendous wealth, but also earned them enmity, [ 2 ] which added to the increasing antisemitic sentiments of the time, due to widespread indebtedness and financial ruin among the ...
"A Scholar at his Desk"; Jan Steen, c. 1668-1669 A Scholar at his Desk; Rembrandt; 1631 "A Scholar Seated at a Desk"; Rembrandt. The history of scholarship is the historical study of fields of study which are not covered by the English term "science" (cf., history of science), but are covered by, for example, the German term "Wissenschaft" (i.e., all kinds of academic studies).
He was the son of Thomas Wilson, a farmer, of Strubby, Lincolnshire. [7] He was educated at Eton College under Nicholas Udall, [8] and at King's College, Cambridge, [9] where he joined the school of Hellenists to which John Cheke, Thomas Smith, Walter Haddon and others belonged.