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John 1:1 in the page showing the first chapter of John in the King James Bible. Heraclitus was often read by early Christian philosophers, who [180] following the Stoics, interpreted the logos as meaning the Christian "Word of God", such as in John 1:1: "In the beginning was the Word and the Word was God."
The writing of Heraclitus (c. 535 – c. 475 BC) was the first place where the word logos was given special attention in ancient Greek philosophy, [15] although Heraclitus seems to use the word with a meaning not significantly different from the way in which it was used in ordinary Greek of his time. [16]
Stephen L. Harris claims that John adapted Philo's concept of the Logos, identifying Jesus as an incarnation of the divine Logos that formed the universe. [7]While John 1:1 is generally considered the first mention of the Logos in the New Testament, arguably, the first reference occurs in the book of Revelation.
The dominant philosophical traditions of the Greco-Roman world then were Stoicism, Platonism, Epicureanism, and, to a lesser extent, the skeptic traditions of Pyrrhonism and Academic Skepticism. Stoicism and, particularly, Platonism were readily culturally approprieted into Christian ethics and Christian theology.
Following Heraclitus, Zeno adopted the view that the universe underwent regular cycles of formation and destruction. [ 57 ] The nature of the universe is such that it accomplishes what is right and prevents the opposite, [ 58 ] and is identified with unconditional Fate , [ 59 ] while allowing it the free-will attributed to it. [ 51 ]
Image credits: National Geographic #5. The 'Spanish Flu' actually likely got its start in Kansas, USA. It's only called the Spanish Flu because most countries involved in WWI had a near-universal ...
Stoicism considers all existence as cyclical, the cosmos as eternally self-creating and self-destroying (see also Eternal return). Stoicism does not posit a beginning or end to the Universe. [32] According to the Stoics, the logos was the active reason or anima mundi pervading and animating the entire Universe. It was conceived as material and ...
Neoplatonism was a major influence on Christian theology throughout Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages in the East, and sometimes in the West as well. In the East, major Greek Fathers like Basil, Gregory of Nyssa and Gregory of Nazianzus were influenced by Platonism and Neoplatonism, but also Stoicism often leading towards asceticism and harsh treatment of the body, for example stylite asceticism.