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Hyperventilation – increased breathing that causes CO 2 loss; Hypopnea – slow and shallow breathing; Hypoventilation – decreased breathing that causes CO 2 gain; Labored breathing – physical presentation of respiratory distress; Tachypnea – increased breathing rate; Orthopnea – Breathlessness in lying down position relieved by ...
Hypoventilation (also known as respiratory depression) occurs when ventilation is inadequate (hypo meaning "below") to perform needed respiratory gas exchange. [1] By definition it causes an increased concentration of carbon dioxide ( hypercapnia ) and respiratory acidosis .
Hypoventilation exists when the ratio of carbon dioxide production to alveolar ventilation increases above normal values – greater than 45mmHg. If pH is also less than 7.35 this is respiratory acidosis. Hyperventilation exists when the same ratio decreases – less than 35mmHg.
The terms hypoventilation and hyperventilation also refer to shallow breathing and fast and deep breathing respectively, but under inappropriate circumstances or disease. However, this distinction (between, for instance, hyperpnea and hyperventilation) is not always adhered to, so that these terms are frequently used interchangeably. [32]
Minute ventilation during moderate exercise may be between 40 and 60 litres per minute. [2] [3] Hyperventilation is the term for having a minute ventilation higher than physiologically appropriate. Hypoventilation describes a minute volume less than physiologically appropriate.
Hyperventilation is irregular breathing that occurs when the rate or tidal volume of breathing eliminates more carbon dioxide than the body can produce. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This leads to hypocapnia , a reduced concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood.
Several conditions are marked by shallow breathing, including: anxiety disorders, asthma, hyperventilation, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and shock. Overly shallow breathing, also known as hypopnea, may result in hypoventilation. During sleep, breathing originates from the diaphragm, which is often impaired in people with NMDs.
Hyperpnea is also distinguished from hyperventilation, which is over-ventilation (an increase in minute ventilation), which involves an increase in volume and respiration rate, resulting in rapid and deep breaths. The exact mechanisms behind exercise hyperpnea are not well understood, and some hypotheses are somewhat controversial.