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The Kesh temple hymn, Liturgy to Nintud, or Liturgy to Nintud on the creation of man and woman, is a Sumerian tablet, written on clay tablets as early as 2600 BCE. [1] Along with the Instructions of Shuruppak , it is the oldest surviving literature in the world.
The tablet is 3.4 by 2.75 by 1.2 inches (8.6 by 7.0 by 3.0 cm) at its thickest point. A larger fragment of the text was found on CBS tablet number 14152 and first published by Henry Frederick Lutz as "A hymn and incantation to Enlil" in "Selected Sumerian and Babylonian Texts", number 114 in 1919. [3]
The Zame Hymns are the oldest known collection of Mesopotamian hymns, and have been dated to Early Dynastic IIIa period. [6] More precise dating is not possible. [5]Alongside compositions from Fara discovered in 1902 and 1903, the Zame Hymns have been described by Robert D. Biggs as "testimonies of the first great flowering of Sumerian literature". [7]
— Sumerian hymn to Enlil, translated by Samuel Noah Kramer [13] Cuneiform inscription on a diorite mortar from Nippur stating that this was an offering from Gudea to Enlil ( c. 2144–2124 BC) Enlil was the patron god of the Sumerian city-state of Nippur [ 14 ] and his main center of worship was the Ekur temple located there. [ 15 ]
This was translated by George Aaron Barton in 1918 and first published as "Sumerian religious texts" in "Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptions", number three, entitled "Hymn to Dungi" (Dungi was later renamed to Shulgi). [1] The tablet is 7 inches (18 cm) by 5.4 inches (14 cm) by 1.6 inches (4.1 cm) at its thickest point. [2]
Votive objects found in her primary Assyrian temple indicate that she was a popular deity among women. [51] Individuals who went against the gender binary were heavily involved in the cult of Inanna. [52] During Sumerian times, a set of priests known as gala worked in Inanna's temples, where they performed elegies and lamentations. [53]
In a Sumerian hymn to Hendursaga, he is stated as being assisted by three groups of seven attendants. [14] This first group of seven is described in detail in the hymn. They were known as "warriors", and it is theorized that this heptad is related to the Sebitti heptad which developed in later times. [14]
Nungal is the Sumerian goddess who was given the title "Queen of the Ekur". The hymn Nungal in the Ekur describes the dark side of the complex with a house that "examines closely both the righteous and the wicked and does not allow the wicked to escape". This house is described as having a "River of ordeal" which leads to the "mouth of ...