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A chmod command first appeared in AT&T Unix version 1, along with the chmod system call. As systems grew in number and types of users, access-control lists [3] were added to many file systems in addition to these most basic modes to increase flexibility. The version of chmod bundled in GNU coreutils was written by David MacKenzie and Jim ...
Most file systems include attributes of files and directories that control the ability of users to read, change, navigate, and execute the contents of the file system. In some cases, menu options or functions may be made visible or hidden depending on a user's permission level; this kind of user interface is referred to as permission-driven.
Any user may create a sticky directory. See chmod(1) for details about modifying file modes. Historically, an executable shareable file which had the sticky bit set was not immediately discarded from swap space after execution. The kernel hoarded the text segment of the file for future reuse, thus avoiding having to reload the program.
Utilities listed in POSIX.1-2017. This is a list of POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) commands as specified by IEEE Std 1003.1-2024, which is part of the Single UNIX Specification (SUS).
Generally, the mask only affects file permissions during the creation of new files and has no effect when file permissions are changed in existing files; however, the chmod command will check the mask when the mode options are specified using symbolic mode and a reference to a class of users is not specified. The mask is stored as a group of bits.
777 is an odd, composite, palindromic [1] repdigit. [2] It is also a sphenic number, [3] an extravagant number, [4] a lucky number, [5] a polite number, [6] an amenable number, and a deficient number. 777 is a congruent number, [7] as it is possible to make a right triangle with a rational number of sides whose area is 777. [8]
The most common special file is the directory. The layout of a directory file is defined by the filesystem used. As several filesystems are available under Unix, both native and non-native, there is no one directory file layout. A directory is marked with a d as the first letter in the mode field in the output of ls -dl [5] or stat, e.g.
The setuid and setgid bits are normally represented as the values 4 for setuid and 2 for setgid in the high-order octal digit of the file mode. For example, 6711 has both the setuid and setgid bits (4 + 2 = 6) set, and also the file read/write/executable for the owner (7), and executable by the group (first 1) and others (second 1).